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Item STRATEJİK YÖNELİMLERİN İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ: GİRİŞİMCİLİK YÖNELİMİ VE GİRİŞİMCİLİK YETENEKLERİ ETKİLEŞİMİNİN ARACILIK ROLÜ(2022-01-01) Yılmaz, MustafaGirişimcilik kavramı ülkelerin istihdam, refah ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmalarına olan pozitif etkisi dolayısıyla önemi gittikçe artan bir kavram ve araştırma alanıdır. Girişimcilik, yönetim, pazarlama gibi birçok farklı disiplinde ele alınan önemli başlıklardan birisi işletmelerin sahip oldukları yönelimler ve yeteneklerdir. İşletmelerin sahip oldukları yönelimler sürdürülebilirliklerini devam ettirebilmesi ve üstün performans elde edebilmesi için, işletmelerin stratejik yönetim felsefesi doğrultusunda gerçekleştirdikleri eğilimlerdir. Kaynak temelli görüşten hareketle yönelimler işletmelerin sahip oldukları kaynaklar arasındadır, fakat çevresel dinamizmin artması sonucunda işletmeler üstün performans ve rekabet avantajı için belirli yeteneklere veya kaynak-yetenek etkileşimine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Artan çevresel dinamizme uyum sağlayabilmek için işletmelerin sahip olması gereken yetenekleri ifade eden dinamik yetenekler teorisinden hareketle, işletmelerin sahip oldukları dinamik yeteneklerden birisi de girişimcilik yetenekleridir. İşletmeler belirli yönelimler ve yeteneklere sahip olabilir fakat bunların bütünlüğünü ve etkileşimini sağlayabildiği zaman bu kaynak ve yetenekler işletmelere daha üstün performans ve rekabet avantajı sağlayabilecektir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmamızda işletmelerin sahip oldukları pazar yönelimi ve teknoloji yöneliminden oluşan stratejik yönelimlerin işletmelerin finansal ve finansal olmayan performansları üzerindeki etkisinde, girişimcilik yönelimi ve girişimcilik yetenekleri etkileşiminin aracılık rolü araştırılmaktadır. Marmara bölgesinde yer alan girişimciler veya işletmelerin üst düzey yöneticilerinden elde edilen 348 anket analizi sonucunda, girişimcilik yönelimi ve girişimcilik yetenekleri arasındaki etkileşimin, işletmelerin finansal ve finansal olmayan performansları üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahip olduğu elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca girişimcilik yönelimi ve girişimcilik yetenekleri etkileşiminin stratejik yönelimler ve işletme performansı arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. The concept of entrepreneurship is an increasingly important concept and research field due to its positive impact on employment, welfare and sustainable development of countries. One of the important topics discussed in many different disciplines such as entrepreneurship, management and marketing is the orientations and capabilities of businesses. The orientations of the businesses are the tendencies that the businesses carry out in line with the strategic management philosophy in order to maintain their sustainability and achieve superior performance. Based on the resource-based view, orientations are among the resources that businesses have, but as a result of the increase in environmental dynamism, businesses need certain capabilities or resource-capability interaction for superior performance and competitive advantage. Starting from the dynamic capabilities theory, which expresses the capabilities that businesses should have in order to adapt to the increasing environmental dynamism, one of the dynamic capabilities that businesses have is entrepreneurial capabilities. Businesses may have certain orientations and capabilities, but when they can ensure their integrity and interaction, these resources and capabilities will provide businesses with superior performance and competitive advantage. From this point of view, in our study, the mediating role of the interaction of entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial abilities in the effect of the strategic orientations of the businesses, consisting of market orientation and technology orientation, on the financial and non-financial performance of the businesses is investigated. As a result of the analysis of 348 questionnaires obtained from entrepreneurs or senior managers of businesses in Marmara region, it has been found that the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial capabilities has a positive effect on the financial and non-financial performances of businesses. It has also been observed that the interaction of entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial capabilities mediates the relationship between strategic orientations and business performance.Item The Wealth of Ottoman Individuals by Different Socio-Economic Groups, 1650-1918: A Descriptive Analysis in the Context of Institutional Change(Vizyoner Dergisi, 2022-02-20)The study offers a descriptive analysis of individual wealth in the Ottoman Empire, employing a new dataset from inheritance records of 36 different provinces located in Anatolia. The main purpose is to contribute to the discussion on the relationship between wealth inequality and changing institutional structures, spanning from 1650 to 1918. The limitations of data entail restrictions to construct a quantitative research, and hence, the study provides an implicit analysis on this relationship. A new dataset on individual wealth, however, allow to present a descriptive analysis in a long-term perspective. Establishing information on individual wealth by socio-economic groups, the study estimates wealth inequality according to Gini coefficients. This estimates also include a comparative analysis among different groups, including four quartiles starting from the wealthiest 25 percent. Our findings underlie the importance of the role of institutional change over the wealth inequality. We suggest the wealth inequality is higher under the periods of decentralized institutions, particularly during the pre-industrial period. This trend has become better with series of political, economic and institutional reforms towards centralization during the second half of the nineteenth century.Item Tereke Kayıtları Işığında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Servet Dağılımına Bir Bakış, 1650-1914(Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Nevşehir, 2021, 2020-12-16)The main purpose of this study is to execute a long-term analysis of the wealth distribution in the Ottoman Empire. This analysis is based on the data called inheritance records (tereke) within the records of the Ottoman Kadi Courts (Sharia Registers). This study employs court records belonging to 36 different provinces in Ottoman Anatolia. These provinces include large cities such as Istanbul, as well as small settlements of Anatolia such as Seydişehir or Bor. Including cities with different sizes in the analysis provides more accurate results for the regional distribution of wealth. This study also carries out a comparative analysis of wealth distribution by region. These regions are classified as the Western Region, which includes Kütahya and its west, the Central Region that includes Ankara and the surrounding provinces, and the Eastern Region that includes Sivas and the provinces to the east. The main basis of this classification is the need to use similar sample size for each region. After regional decomposition, 3 different data sets are used for comparative analysis of wealth. These data sets include the average wealth of the richest 10 percent and 25 percent, together with the GINI coefficients showing the wealth distribution. The results obtained in the light of the data sets created from the inheritance records point to two different results. The close relationship of wealth inequality with slow economic growth, one of the long-term assumptions in the Economic History literature, is consistent with the results of this study. It is observed that the growth rate of the Ottoman economy increased in the sub-periods when wealth inequality decreased. Another important result is that the distribution of wealth in the Western Region of Ottoman Anatolia is more equal than in the other two regions. In this sense, the results of this study overlap with the assumption that economic efficiency and productivity increase in provinces close to the center, another important assumption of the economic history literature. As a result, this study is the first to conduct a systematic and quantitative analysis of the long-term course of wealth in the Ottoman Empire for wider geography and period.